Abstract: The microbiota refers to the commensal bacteria and other microorganisms that colonize the epithelial surface of the human body. The microbiota produces small molecules and metabolites that can affect the response to cancer therapy. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) involves the transfer of fecal material from one individual to another. FMT is a novel strategy to treat cancer by reprogramming the gut microbiota to improve the antitumor immune response. The development of FMT has sequentially involved mouse models, human-to-mice transplants, human clinical trials, and editing of the microbiome. The synthetic biology approach of editing and synthesizing the fecal microbiome will provide novel materials for FMT.