Abstract: Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) are defined as therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (t-MDS) that occur after cytotoxic therapy (chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy). With improved survival of patients with solid tumors, the incidence of t-MN after chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy among patients with solid tumors has gradually risen. However, the prognosis of t-MN is worse than that of primary myeloid neoplasms. This review summarizes the current understanding based on existing research, as a foundation for further research on t-MN.