Abstract: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), characterized by early abnormal lymphocyte development and malignant proliferation, is caused by abnormal proliferation and pathological differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Understanding molecular biology and cytogenetic information aids in predicting the prognosis of patients with ALL. Gene mutations are closely related to ALL pathogenesis and are independent prognostic factors. With the recent development of sequencing technology, there is an increase in the discovery of mutated genes related to ALL occurrence and development. Early intervention in high-risk patients can be achieved to improve prognosis. Since ALL treatments target some gene mutations, targeted drugs can be developed to manage patients with ALL. In this review, we summarized the advancements in common gene mutations involved in ALL.