Abstract: The incidence of cancer continues to rise worldwide, and the burden of cancer in China is particularly heavy. The journey towards cancer prevention and treatment still has a long way to go. The evolution of the hallmark features is reflected in the research history of tumors, providing direction for their prevention and treatment. With an in-depth understanding of and continued research into the mechanisms underlying tumor occurrence and development, the concepts and models of tumor treatment are constantly being updated, evolving from traditional methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy towards microscopic and precise approaches gradually. Moreover, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer and become an important means of cancer therapy. Anti-tumor therapy defined by specific biomarkers regardless of tumor type, represented by microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficiency (MSI-H/dMMR), opens up new avenues for precise and tailored cancer treatments. The novel methods are anticipated to pave the way towards developing better prevention and treatment strategies in the future, ultimately leading to longer survival time and better quality of life for patients with cancer.