Abstract: Objective:To discuss the clinical features of basaloid squamous carcinoma (BSC) and the factors relating to its prognosis and to compare patient survival between poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSC) and BSC. Methods: Clinical and pathological data of BSC and PDSC cases seen in our hospital between January 2004and December 2008were reviewed. Results:There were no statistical differences in demographic and clinical features between PDSC and BSC patients, with the exception that a larger proportion of BSC patients were female (P=0.001 ). Additionally, higher tobacco consumption was observed among BSC male patients (P=0.003 ). There were no significant differences in survival rate between BSC and PDSC groups ( χ2=0.03, P=0.5470). The median survival time of BSC and PDSC patients was 19months and30months, respectively. The 4-year survival rate was 22.4% and 36.1%, respectively (u=0.740 , P=0.230 ). No significant difference was found in survival rate between stage Ⅰand stage Ⅱpatients (χ2=0.109 , P=0.2974). The median survival time of stage Ⅰand stage Ⅱpatients was 19months and46months, respectively; and the4-year survival rate of stage Ⅰand stageⅡpatients was 47.3% and 45.2%, respectively (u=0.122 , P=0.450 ). Using Cox proportional hazard model, we found that surgical types and clinical stages of BSC were correlated with its prognosis. Compared with that of patients who received lobectomy, the postoperative mortality hazard of patients who received pneumonectomy and segmentectomy was increased by 1.379 times ( P=0.031 ) and 1.634 times (P=0.061 ), respectively. A more advanced clinical stage was associated with an increase in the postoperative mortality hazard ratio (χ2= 14.12, P=0.000 ). The postoperative mortality hazard of patients of stage Ⅲand stage Ⅳwas 2.437 times higher than that of stage Ⅰpatients ( P=0.018 ). There were no statistical differences in postoperative mortality risk between stage Ⅰpatients and stageⅡpatients (P=0.057 ). Conclusion:Compared with that of PDSC, the incidence of BSC is higher among females. However, there is no difference in the prognosis between BSC and PDSC. BSC can be treated with the same therapies as those for other types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).