Abstract: Surgical resection is the standard treatment and therapy for patients with resectable esophageal carcino-ma. However, in locally advanced esophageal carcinoma, concurrent chemoradiotherapy demonstrates promising out-comes, but the local regional recurrence is more frequent, which severely compromises patients’quality of life. Many pro-spective randomized studies have suggested that, whether in esophageal adenocarcinoma or in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a combination of chemoradiotherapy together with surgery could improve the patients’quality of life and prolong overall survival. The commonly used chemotherapy regimen is a combination of cisplatin and fluorouracil, however, the radiation dose and radiation target varies. It is demonstrated that pathologically complete remission, after being given these therapies concurrently, can prolong survival. It is very important to predict the sensitivity to concurrent chemoradio -therapy before treatment. Patients with a disease resistant to chemoradiotherapy can then be selected for surgery resection directly, so as to avoid the toxicities of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and the delay of surgery resection. At present, it is difficult to predict or identify the early treatment outcomes of concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The combined utilization of molecular biomarkers is promising to identify patients with a disease sensitive to chemoradiotherapy for neoadjuvant treat-ment, and to identify patients with a disease resistant to chemoradiotherapy for surgery resection directly. In this way, indi-vidualized treatment strategies could be applied to patients with esophageal carcinoma.