Abstract: Considerable advances have evolved in the pathogenesis and therapy of malignant tumors with the development of the gene analysis technique. Traditional histo-pathological classification is inadequate for the selection of personalized treatment for cancer patients. Clinical trial investigators have to consider not only the tumor pathologic type and clinical factors, but also the genetic characteristics of the patients. Therefore, the types of molecular alterations needs to be investigated and the period of molecular profiling should be determined. In the present paper the non-small cell lung cancer-related molecular alterations and critical clinic trials based on these molecular events were reviewed.