Abstract: Peritumoral edema (PTE) of the metastasis tumor of brain (MTB) refers to the abnormal increase of moisture in the surrounding cerebral parenchyma of the brain tumor. The mechanism of PTE occurrence of MTB is complicated, and the influencing factors are diverse. PTE is one of the key factors that affect patient survival and cure. Researchers from China and overseas believe that it may be related to the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptor, aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, hypoxia inducible factor-1a, and other molecular biology factors. Studies of these molecular biological factors provide objective scientific evidence for the prevention, control, monitoring, treatment, and prognosis of PTE of metastasized brain tumor. In addition to the traditional dehydration therapy of PTE, the use of PTE-related molecular biological factors provides a new approach for the treatment. AQP-4 agonists or antagonists and VEGF receptor antagonists also have good therapeutic potentials. In this paper, the authors reviewed the PTE-related molecular biological factors of MTB.