Abstract: Several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved for use in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), bringing new hope to patients with such disease. However, the applicability of the RCT results is limited due to their strict inclusion criteria and specific clinical settings. Real-world studies (RWS) can integrate data from real-life practice with long-term clinical observations and follow-up, therefore building up the real-world evidence to complement that provided by conventional clinical trials. ICIs have been used in clinical practice in multiple countries and areas for several years. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the efficacy and safety of ICIs in patients with NSCLC included in the large expanded access program and multicenter retrospective observational studies and review the impact of different populations to provide a reference for ICIs use in China.