Abstract: Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy in gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer have maintained an upward trend and remain high. Colorectal adenoma is the most prominent precancerous lesion associated with colorectal cancer, and its pathogenesis is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. The pathogenesis of colorectal adenoma is complicated, generally involving interactions among multiple genes and signaling pathways. Studies of associations between calcium and colorectal adenoma have attracted widespread attention in recent years. This review summarizes the relationships between calcium and gene interactions and the risk of colorectal adenoma, providing references for the early screening, diagnosis, and early treatment of colorectal cancer.