Abstract: Brachytherapy (BT), including high-and low-dose-rate BT, can control local tumor lesions, induce the death of immunogenic tumor cells, and activate the anti-tumor immune effect through cross-presentation of antigens and activation of T lymphocyte cells. In this manuscript, we review BT-induced immunogenic tumor cell death and release of antigens, maturation and activation of dendritic cells and T lymphocyte cells, and adjustment of lymphocyte subsets. Our aim is to clarify BT-induced anti-tumor immune effects and their possible mechanisms.