Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Although surgical resection, liver transplantation, and microwave ablation are key curative treatments, complications arise due to the insidious onset and rapid progression of HCC. At the time of diagnosis, microscopic metastasis may already be present in some patients, leading to a significant risk of recurrence, even after radical treatment. In recent years, systemic anti-tumor therapies, including targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have shown significant promise in reducing recurrence rates and prolonging survival. This review aims to integrate recent research findings to provide guidance for adjuvant therapy following radical surgery for HCC.