Abstract: Oral mucositis (OM) is a prevalent and debilitating cancer therapy-related side effect that significantly impairs the quality of life of patients with cancer. In this article, we review anticancer treatment-induced OM, elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and discuss various preventive and therapeutic strategies, including basic oral care, nutritional supplements, cryotherapy, photobiomodulation therapy, and pharmacological interventions. While single modality treatments might yield certain clinical benefits, an integrated approach, combining prophylactic measures with multimodal therapies, could more effectively reduce OM incidence and severity, promote mucosal healing, minimize the risk of serious complications, and enhance patient outcomes.