Abstract: As the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the perioperative treatment of melanoma is increasingly introduced at earlier stages, it presents a critical opportunity for the development and clinical translation of neoadjuvant therapy. The results of phaseⅠ/Ⅱ clinical trials on neoadjuvant ICI therapy for melanoma demonstrate that neoadjuvant ICIs effectively improve the pathologic response rate in melanoma patients. Recent studies have shown that combining ICIs with other treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, can enhance antitumor efficacy of neoadjuvant treatment for patients with melanoma. Optimizing treatment regimens, managing adverse events, identifying and addressing pseudoprogression, and handling cases of oligoprogression have become key areas of research in incorporating ICI regimens into neoadjuvant treatment for patients with melanoma. The search for biomarkers to monitor immunotherapy efficacy is expected to become a major focus of future research. This article provides a review of the research progress, controversies, and challenges in the application of ICIs in the neoadjuvant treatment of melanoma, and discusses future research directions, aiming to offer insights into the clinical application and development of ICIs in melanoma neoadjuvant therapy.