Abstract: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy with poor prognosis. Treatment strategies to date have achieved limited success in significantly improving overall survival rates. γδ T cells, a unique subset of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, can link adaptive and innate immune functions. While γδ T cells can effectively recognize and eliminate HNSCC tumor cells, certain subsets of these cells can secrete interleukin-17, contributing to tumor progression. Nevertheless, due to their remarkable cytotoxic activity, γδ T cells have been identified as promising candidates for antitumor immunotherapy. This article reviews the biological background of γδ T cells, their role in tumor immunity in HNSCC, and recent advances in γδ T cell immunotherapy, aiming to provide new insights into HNSCC diagnosis and treatment.