Abstract: Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract, with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma accounting for over 99% of cases. Most patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage, and the efficacy of surgery alone is unsatisfactory. To improve the survival rate of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, researchers have explored a comprehensive treatment model based on neoadjuvant therapy, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy, and neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy. Due to the differences in treatment sensitivity between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, this article systematically reviewed the response characteristics of different pathological types of esophageal cancer to neoadjuvant therapy using the latest clinical research data.