Abstract: With the promising overall efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cohorts, neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NAIC) has emerged as a crucial clinical treatment for reducing surgical risks, improving pathological responses, and enhancing postoperative survival prognosis for patients with stage Ⅱ-ⅢB resectable NSCLC. However, the efficacy of NAIC and patient survival outcomes vary between studies. Given the limitations of tissue-based programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in dynamically monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of NAIC, alternative non-invasive potential biomarkers based on peripheral blood and imaging have gained widespread attention. This review highlights the advances in potential biomarkers, including inflammatory derivatives, T-lymphocyte subsets, cytokines from peripheral blood, and radiomic features derived from CT images, for predicting the therapeutic efficacy and survival outcomes of NAIC in patients with NSCLC.