Abstract: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. GBM frequently recurs after surgery and has limited therapeutic options. Hydrogels, characterized by their injectability, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release, offer innovative solutions for postoperative GBM management. Advances in hydrogel technology provide new avenues for personalized GBM treatments with significant clinical potential. This article focuses on the current progress in the research on hydrogels as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs, immunomodulatory platforms, and multimodal therapeutic systems. Key strategies, including thermo- and pH-responsive gels, co-delivery systems, and the regulation of macrophage function, are analyzed for their therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the advantages of hydrogels in surgical cavity filling, targeted therapy, and recurrence prevention are highlighted. We also discuss the challenges in clinical translation and future directions of hydrogel application in postoperative GBM management.