Abstract: Childhood tumors pose a significant threat to the health of children. Compared with adult tumors, childhood tumors have unique biological characteristics and clinical outcomes. These tumors affect the growth and development and quality of life of children and increase the burden on families and society. This article summarizes the research updates on the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, detection methods, and treatment strategies of childhood tumors. Owing to differences in medical and public health systems across regions with a varying socio-demographic index (SDI), childhood tumors tend to have a relatively high incidence in high SDI regions and relatively high mortality in low SDI regions. Meanwhile, the rapid development of genomics and immunology has provided important technical support for precision medicine in childhood tumors. This article provides a comprehensive review from the perspective of graded prevention, providing scientifically valid theoretical references and practical directions to improve the prevention and control system of childhood tumors.