Abstract: To explore the clinical significance of the serums VEGF and TGF-β1 by detecting their expression level before and after a three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy ( 3D-CRT ) in elder patients with non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ). Methods: Forty-six cases were enrolled in the current study. The expression level of serum VEGF and TGF-β1 was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method before and after 3D-CRT of repetitive reduced fields. All cases were separated into valid (CR+PR) and invalid ( SD+PD ) groups according to the result of the chest CT. T Test was used for statistical analysis. Results: All cases were able to complete radiotherapy, and the complete remission ( CR ) rate was 17.4%, whereas the partial remission ( PR ) rate was 56.5%. The stable disease ( SD ) rate was 19.6%, and the progression disease ( PD ) rate was 6.5%. The overall response ( CR + PR ) rate was 73.9%. The expression levels of VEGF in the valid and invalid groups were ( 163.72 ± 19.46 ) pg/mL and ( 169.35 ± 17.98 ) pg/mL, respectively. The expression level in valid group significantly decreased after radiotherapy, whereas that in ( invalid group significantly increased. A significant difference between the two groups was observed ( t = 16.57, 19.60, P <0.05 ). On the other hand, the expression levels of TGF-β1 in the valid and invalid groups were ( 43.52 ± 4.89 ) pg/mL and ( 49.63 ± 5.12 ) pg/mL, respectively. The expression level in the valid group significantly decreased after radiotherapy, whereas that in the invalid group significantly increased. A significant difference between the two groups was found ( t = 30.52, 27.33, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: The expression level of serum VEGF and TGF-β1 may provide the basis for the therapeutic effect in elder patients with NSCLC undergoing 3D-CRT.