Abstract: Tumor suppressor genes breast cancer gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) play key roles in DNA damage repair pathways and are essential for maintaining genome integrity. The earliest studies found that BRCA1/2 are the main pathogenic factors of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome, and the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer is greatly increased in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Recent studies have demonstrated that BRCA1/2 mutations also increased the risk of developing colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, and male prostate cancer. BRCA1/2 mutation patients have common molecular pathological basis, which may be independent of pathological tissue diagnosis in the future. Furthermore, it can serve as an important basis for clinical drug therapy, including chemotherapy drugs represented by platinum, PARP inhibitors, PD-1 antibodies, ALDH2 inhibitors, and mTOR inhibitors.