Abstract: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a malignant endocrine tumor with a rapidly increasing incidence. It is the most common cancer in thyroid surgery and has attracted much attention. Total or near-total thyroidectomy is usually performed, followed by thyroid hormone replacement therapy and ¹³¹I ablation. Thyroglobulin (Tg), a serological marker used in the postoperative follow-up of DTC, is susceptible to interference by thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). In this review, we will focus on the significance of Tg and TgAb in the diagnosis and treatment of DTC to provide evidence for future clinical studies.