Abstract: Radiotherapy is an important method for treating malignant tumors, and it is being developed to improve its therapeutic gain ratio via physical technology. However, improving the therapeutic gain ratio of radiotherapy via radiophysics has always been met with bottlenecks because of the inherent physical characteristics of high-energy radiation. In particular, hyperthermia application can improve radiosensitivity and reduce radiation resistance of tumor cells. Multifunctional nanomaterials that are biocompatible and safe have received extensive attention and have shown potential application in photohyperthermia. Furthermore, nano-hyperthermia technology is used as a sensitization carrier in combination with radiotherapy. Together with thermophysical therapy sensitization, nanomaterials with a high molecular number can also be used as a single sensitization carrier for radiotherapy, thereby achieving synergistic effects with tumor hyperthermia and radiotherapy. Thus, it is possible to overcome many problems restricting radiotherapy and provide new opportunities for the further development of radiotherapy.