Abstract: Objective: To analyze the diagnosis, therapy and curative effect of oesophageal leiomyoma. Methods: The clinical data for 32 cases of oesophageal leiomyoma, treated with surgical therapy, were studied. Results: Thirty cases with solitary tumors and 2 with multiple tumors were found. According to the position, 2 cases were at the upside of oesophagus, 27 at the midpiece and 3 at inferior segment. Extra-mucosal excision were conducted in 28 cases. Esophagogastrostomy at superior aortic arch were conducted in 2 cases and that at inferior aortic arch were done in 3. The exploration after canceration of tumors was performed in 1 case. As for the operative incision, 3 cases or times were at the cervical part,, 20 at right opened thorax and 11 at left opened chest. No peri-operative death were reported in the cases of the group. Postoperative follows up had been performed for 3 to 10 years. The results showed that all the patients survived except 1 case of post-treatment death within 5 years. Conclusions: Surgical is the only effective method to cure oesophageal leiomyoma. Extra-mucosal tumor extirpation can be performed in most cases, however, excision on tumors or part of esophagus and anastomosis between stomach and oesophagus in a few cases with tremendous or multiple tumors is needed. The canceration of tumors should be first considered in case of postoperative relapse.