中国大陆腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃肠癌腹膜转移癌的现状

锁涛, 童汉兴, 万柳华, 陆维祺

锁涛, 童汉兴, 万柳华, 陆维祺. 中国大陆腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃肠癌腹膜转移癌的现状[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2012, 39(22): 1754-1756. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2012.22.016
引用本文: 锁涛, 童汉兴, 万柳华, 陆维祺. 中国大陆腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃肠癌腹膜转移癌的现状[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2012, 39(22): 1754-1756. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2012.22.016
Tao SUO, Hanxing TONG, Liuhua WAN, Weiqi LU. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Treating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Gastrointestinal Cancers: The Current Situation in the Chinese Mainland[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2012, 39(22): 1754-1756. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2012.22.016
Citation: Tao SUO, Hanxing TONG, Liuhua WAN, Weiqi LU. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Treating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Gastrointestinal Cancers: The Current Situation in the Chinese Mainland[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2012, 39(22): 1754-1756. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2012.22.016

中国大陆腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃肠癌腹膜转移癌的现状

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    通讯作者:

    陆维祺  luweiqi6@gamil.com

Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Treating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Gastrointestinal Cancers: The Current Situation in the Chinese Mainland

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  • 摘要: 对于胃、结直肠癌患者来说, 腹膜转移是肿瘤晚期的标志性事件。既往的全身化疗及姑息性手术治疗模式对其疗效很差, 细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗可改善部分腹膜转移癌患者的生活质量、延长生存期, 已经成为结直肠癌腹膜转移的标准治疗策略。但是, 该方案在我国并未获得统一认识和广泛应用。本文在分析我国胃、结肠癌腹膜转移癌的诊治现状同时, 就我国未来开展胃肠癌腹膜转移瘤的规范治疗提出建议。
    Abstract: For patients with gastric and colorectal cancers, peritoneal carcinomatosis is a landmark event of advanced clinical stage. The effectiveness of traditional treatment modality, including systematic chemotherapy and/or palliative surgery, is disappointing due to the poor survival rate and quality of life. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus cytoreductive surgery, which has emerged as a new treatment modality, has been demonstrated to improve both the survival and the quality of life in selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. This treatment strategy has become a well received standard therapy for colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. However, such multidisciplinary approach has not obtained right recognition and application in Mainland China. This review analyzed the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis in China, and presented practical suggestions to promote the standard treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis in China.
  • 腹膜转移癌(peritoneal carcinomatosis,PC)是腹膜表面恶性肿瘤最常见的类型(约占总数的75%),被认为是恶性肿瘤进展到晚期或复发的重要表现。其原发癌主要位于腹腔和盆腔的器官,如消化系统恶性肿瘤(如胃癌、结直肠癌、阑尾癌、胰腺癌、小肠腺癌、肝细胞癌、胃肠间质瘤等)和妇科恶性肿瘤(如卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌等),其中最常见的是胃癌、结直肠癌[1]和卵巢癌等。由于PC并非一个独立的肿瘤类型,很难对其发生率做出准确统计,通常认为,大约10%~30%的胃癌患者在初诊时(特别是在肿瘤侵犯浆膜层时)即已发现存在PC[2-4]。胃癌Lauren分型中,弥漫型较肠型更易发生PC[5]。胃癌组织病理学分型中,以印戒细胞癌易发生PC[6-7],即使是在早期胃癌中,印戒细胞癌发生PC的几率也较高[8]。在胃癌术后复发的患者中,发生PC的比例则高达30%~ 50%[9-11]。更有研究发现,胃癌患者腹腔内脱落癌细胞(ECC)检出率高达43.3%~52.8%[12-13],这些脱落细胞可能成为肿瘤复发的种子。对于结直肠癌,由于癌细胞腹膜播种所导致的PC也比较常见,10%~ 15%结直肠癌患者在诊断时即发现PC[14-16]。在荷兰进行的一项地区性大规模调查结果显示,结直肠癌的PC发生率大约为5%[17]。接受过根治性手术的结直肠癌患者中,多达50%的复发首先出现在腹膜[18-21]。约25%复发性结直肠癌患者,腹膜是仅有的肿瘤转移部位[22]。也有研究认为,右半结肠癌与黏液腺癌更容易发生PC[17, 23]

    来自胃癌和结直肠癌的PC自然病程平均仅为6~8个月[1, 24-25]。长期以来,全身化疗是该类患者唯一的选择,但疗效很差,外科手术也仅作为姑息手段用于治疗梗阻等肿瘤相关并发症。广大学者[26-27]在探索PC的治疗中均想到了腹腔热热灌注化疗(hyperthermic introperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)。从上世纪80年代起,以Sugarbaker为代表的肿瘤外科医生,尝试通过综合应用包括外科手术、术中和术后早期腹腔化疗等在内的各种治疗手段来治疗PC[27],“Sugarbaker方案”,即肿瘤细胞减灭手术(cytoreductive surgery,CRS)消灭肉眼所见肿瘤联用HIPEC,应用于部分经过严格选择的结直肠癌PC患者。来源于结直肠及阑尾的PC,如果播散仅局限于腹膜腔,宜接受Sugarbaker方案作为标准治疗方案[28]。目前世界上有130多家医疗机构联合应用CRS和HIPEC作为治疗PC的手段,众多Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验证实Sugarbaker方案能够改善结直肠癌PC患者的生存质量、延长生存期[29]

    2010年2月24日,英国临床优化研究所(NICE)更新了“方案”应用指南( IPG331,www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG331),基于目前的循证医学证据,《指南》对“方案”持非常谨慎的态度,仅推荐结肠癌来源的PC患者接受“方案”治疗。多项回顾性研究显示,在复发性结直肠癌中16% ~35% 的患者仅表现为腹腔复发,无全身远处转移证据。腹膜播散是否可被认为是局部复发,目前尚无定论,但对于这部分仅为腹膜腔内播散的患者,若能较早接受“方案”积极治疗,则最有可能在生存期和生活质量方面受益。《指南》指出,虽然“方案”应用于其他类型肿瘤的循证依据不充分,但把疗效有限的全身化疗作为治疗的惟一选择则太过被动。《指南》鼓励开展更多相关的随机对照临床研究,以获得更多高水平证据。

    Suo等[30]通过调查1993~2010年间,中国内地各研究机构在胃癌、结直肠癌围手术期应用CRS和HIPEC的情况,全面评价了中国大陆腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃肠癌PC的现状。根据应用目的不同,我国HIPEC治疗方式分为三类:1)预防性HIPEC:无肉眼可见腹膜转移,在初诊患者术中或术后早期应用HIPEC;2)姑息性HIPEC:术中发现PC,行姑息性病变脏器手术或称减瘤术,手术不是以切除所有肿瘤为目的,包括仅行探查手术和未行腹腔探查者;3)CRS和HIPEC:应用Sugarbaker方案及其原则,手术是以治愈PC为目标,切除大体所见所有肿瘤,并联用HIPEC杀灭残余的微病灶。该研究对纳入的101篇相关文献和1项正在招募受试者的临床试验进行分析显示,在101项研究中,51项应用了术后HIPEC,42项应用了术中HIPEC,另有8项同时应用了术中和术后HIPEC。就应用目的而言,多数研究(91项)为预防性应用HIPEC,用于无肉眼可见腹腔播散,但具有腹腔播散潜在风险的高危人群,17项研究为姑息性应用HIPEC,仅1项研究以治愈PC为目标,应用了CRS联合HIPEC方案。也有一些医院将HIPEC应用于没有条件接受手术的患者。对于唯一应用了Sugarbaker方案的Ⅱ期临床试验[31],研究者采用腹膜播散癌指数(PCI)来评价PC的严重程度,以细胞减灭完全性评分(CCS)来评价外科手术的彻底程度。结果显示,CRS+HIPEC是安全可行的,入组的21例患者中,7例无瘤生存8~43个月。根据作者自拟标准筛选,全国有86家医院开展了一定规模的胃肠癌围手术期HIPEC,这些医院分布在25个省、市、自治区,其中病例数为100例以上的研究至少有15项。可以看出,在胃肠肿瘤治疗方面,该治疗方案在我国尚未获得广泛的认可和应用。虽然国内专家在相关领域进行的临床研究不在少数,研究纳入的病例数也较多,但在国际性杂志上发表的研究并不多,在该领域的国际会议上报告的结果很少,应该引起国内学者及研究者的高度重视。

    近两年来情况有较大改观,上海有两家大学附属医院在WHO注册了关于预防胃癌腹腔播散的临床试验(ChiCTR-TRC-00000264),正在招募受试者。在Cochrane网站上也有一篇注册综述,是关于胃癌腹腔化疗的(Cochrane ID:CD008157),作者也是来自中国的一个小组。一项来自中国的前瞻性Ⅲ期随机对照研究最终结果已发布[32],该研究共纳入68例胃癌腹膜播散病例,随机分成CRS组(n=34)和CRS + HIPEC(n=34)组,中位生存时间分别为6.5个月(95% CI:4.8~8.2个月)、11.0个月(95%CI:10.0~ 11.9个月,P=0.046)。严重不良反应的发生比例分别是11.7%(4/34)和14.7%(5/34,P=0.839)。结果显示,对于胃癌的同时性PC,CRS联合丝裂霉素和顺铂的HIPEC可改善生存期,并发症可以接受。

    热疗作为继手术、放疗、化疗和免疫疗法之后又一主要的肿瘤治疗手段,在我国被广泛接受和应用。中华放射肿瘤学会热疗专业委员会,是中华放射肿瘤学会三大专业委员会之一,目前在全国拥有个人会员及团体会员500余,承担着全国热疗专业的技术指导和协作管理的任务。中国热疗协作组是另外一个由全国约104家医院专家联合成立的全国性的学术组织,协作组成立的目的也是为了规范热疗治疗方案,加强国内和国际热疗学术交流,腹腔热灌注治疗主要是针对腹腔内特别是胃肠道及妇产科来源肿瘤。

    目前关于PC的治疗,仍然存在很大的争议,在患者选择、预后评价、临床证据、手术方式等方面,仍未达到共识,但一些临床试验的初步结果令人欣喜,国内已有工作成果较好的中心,相关的基础及临床研究[31-33]均已得到国际同行的认可,这样的中心有义务在国内开展培训和指导推广工作,在国内有序地建立治疗中心,减少在初级学习阶段、因理论和技术不熟练而导致的严重临床不良事件,从而使有治愈希望的患者能够真正获益。

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  • 收稿日期:  2012-10-12
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