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摘要: 肺癌是全球发病率及死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,虽然含铂双药化疗一定程度上提高了晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的疗效,但预后仍欠佳。为了进一步改善患者的生存,进行有效的维持治疗至关重要。本文就晚期NSCLC维持治疗的研究现状进行综述,探讨维持治疗的临床意义及如何选择个体化治疗方案。Abstract: Lung cancer is a malignant tumor associated with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although platinum-based doublet chemotherapy has moderately improved the efficacy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prognosis of patients with NSCLC remains poor. To further improve the survival of patients with NSCLC, effective maintenance therapy is essential. This study reviews the current status of advanced NSCLC maintenance therapy and discusses the clinical significance of maintenance therapy and the selection process of an individualized treatment plan.
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肺癌是威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一,也是肿瘤患者死亡的首要原因[1]。晚期肺癌进展迅速,预后极差。2018年中国发布的肺癌生存数据显示,5年总生存(overall survival,OS)率仅为19.7%[2],最重要的原因是70%~80%的患者在出现临床症状就诊时已是晚期,错过了最佳手术治疗时机。其中非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占85%,因此一线标准含铂双药化疗在晚期NSCLC的治疗中至关重要。但有研究显示[3],在联合化疗方案4~6个周期后,继续延长治疗周期,并不会有额外的生存获益,反而增加了治疗相关不良反应。如果在疾病缓解或稳定后的疗效平台期给予维持治疗,能最大限度地控制病灶,延长患者生存。因此,如何选择合适的维持治疗方案使临床获益最大化是研究人员不断探索的方向。本文将就晚期NSCLC维持治疗的研究现状进行综述,并探讨维持治疗的临床意义及如何选择个体化治疗方案。
1. 维持治疗
晚期NSCLC的维持治疗是指一线含铂双药联合化疗4~6个周期后,获得最大肿瘤控制效应,应继续接受有效药物治疗,直至疾病进展或不良反应不可耐受。如果暂停治疗密切随访,在病情进展后开始二线化疗方案,有效率仅为7%~11%,中位生存时间(median survival time,MST)为6~8个月,1年OS约为30%[4]。
维持治疗可以理解为一线标准化疗后的巩固治疗,旨在增加有效化疗的接触,降低化疗抵抗,达到最大化抗肿瘤效应。Goldie等[5]及Norton等[6]认为使用非交叉耐药方案,可在产生耐药性之前增强杀伤肿瘤细胞的效能。Day[7]认为最有效的药物应该用于巩固治疗,以期达到最佳治疗效果。维持治疗还具有抗血管生成效应,因为持续低剂量化疗对内皮细胞的直接细胞毒作用可以减少肿瘤血管的形成,并影响骨髓源性内皮祖细胞的募集[8-9]。同时规律的化疗可减少CD4+调节性T细胞,进而增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。另外,诱导化疗筛选出疾病缓解或稳定的患者,应选择性继续使用敏感药物,从而获益于维持治疗,延缓疾病进展,改善相关症状。
维持治疗包括继续维持和换药维持,在接受4~6个周期初始治疗后无疾病进展的情况下,前者指使用至少1种一线方案中的药物继续治疗,后者指使用不包含在一线方案中的其他药物进行治疗。
2. 维持治疗药物
2.1 化疗药物
2.1.1 培美曲塞
Paz-Ares等[10]进行的PARAMOUNT研究将安全、低毒的多靶点叶酸拮抗剂-培美曲塞在晚期非鳞状NSCLC的维持治疗地位进一步巩固,研究结果显示培美曲塞显著降低38%的疾病进展风险(HR=0.62),中位无进展生存期(median progression-free survival,mPFS)和中位总生存期(median OS,mOS)均有延长,死亡风险降低22%(HR=0.78)。
2.1.2 吉西他滨
在临床上,嘧啶类抗肿瘤药物吉西他滨联合铂类化疗对多种实体肿瘤有效。一项Ⅲ期临床试验[11]纳入了ⅢB/Ⅳ期NSCLC患者352例,结果表明吉西他滨维持期的疾病进展时间较最佳支持治疗(best supportive care,BSC)显著延长(P<0.001),但两组OS无显著性差异;亚组分析显示,行为状态评分(karnofsky performance status,KPS)>80分的患者接受维持治疗OS显著获益(22.9个月 vs. 8.3个月,HR=2.1),同时吉西他滨不良反应较轻。Pérol等[12]开展的一项Ⅲ期临床试验发现,吉西他滨持续维持可带来PFS获益(3.8个月 vs. 1.9个月,P<0.001),但不能改善OS。
2.2 抗血管生成药物
2.2.1 贝伐珠单抗
贝伐珠单抗是重组人源化单克隆抗体,通过与血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelialgrowth factor,VEGF)特异性结合,阻止其与受体相互作用,发挥对肿瘤血管的多种拮抗作用。AVAIL研究[13]结果显示,贝伐珠单抗可以改善晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者的PFS及客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR),在所有患者中,≥3级肺出血率均不足1.5%。而随后的生存分析发现,PFS延长并未转化为OS获益,实验组与对照组的mOS均超过13个月[14]。中国学者开展的晚期非鳞状NSCLC Ⅲ期多中心临床试验(BEYOND研究)[15]则表现出显著的临床获益,与安慰剂组相比,贝伐珠单抗显著延长PFS及OS,ORR分别为54%和26%(P<0.001)。
2.2.2 重组人血管内皮抑制素
重组人血管内皮抑制素恩度,通过特异性抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖迁移并诱导其凋亡发挥抗血管生成作用。Wang等[16]的真实世界研究入组了非驱动基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者,34例接受单纯铂类化疗,54例接受恩度联合铂类化疗(27例接受恩度7.5 mg/m2,d1~14;27例接受恩度15 mg/m2,d1~7)直至疾病进展或发生严重不良反应。该研究结果提示,相较于化疗组,恩度组的PFS(6.0个月 vs. 4.5个月)及OS均显著延长(20.0个月 vs. 10.0个月)。化疗组与恩度组的ORR分别为20.6%和33.3%(P=0.197),疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)分别为64.7%和83.3%(P=0.046),恩度的两个剂量亚组之间无显著性差异。
2.3 靶向治疗药物
表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)通过阻断EGFR信号转导通路,抑制酪氨酸激酶磷酸化而限制肿瘤的生长、转移和血管生成,并促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡,现已广泛用于NSCLC治疗。INFORM研究[17]结果发现,吉非替尼组晚期NSCLC患者的PFS明显长于安慰剂组(4.8个月 vs. 2.6个月,HR=0.42,P<0.000 1),ORR和DCR更高。Zhao等[18]的亚组分析显示,EGFR突变阳性NSCLC患者接受吉非替尼维持治疗较安慰剂组显著提高了OS(46.87个月 vs. 20.97个月)。另有两项Ⅲ期研究[19-20]结果表明,厄洛替尼在EGFR突变阳性NSCLC患者中的维持治疗具有优势。Patil等[21]在EGFR突变阴性NSCLC患者中进行的Ⅲ期临床试验,结果则表明培美曲塞继续维持治疗或厄洛替尼换药维持治疗的生存质量(quality of life,QoL)无显著性差异(P=0.793),两组mPFS均为4.5个月(P=0.94),mOS分别为16.6个月和18.3个月(P=0.49)。遗憾的是该研究未设置安慰剂对照组。
2.4 免疫治疗药物
肿瘤免疫治疗通过重新启动并维持肿瘤-免疫循环,恢复机体正常的抗肿瘤免疫反应,达到控制与清除肿瘤的目的。目前,已获批用于NSCLC治疗的程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)抑制剂有帕博利珠单抗、纳武利尤单抗,程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand-1,PD-L1)抑制剂有阿替利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗。
2.4.1 PD-1抑制剂
KEYNOTE-407研究[22]纳入559例Ⅳ期鳞状NSCLC患者,随机分配接受4个周期卡铂+紫杉醇、白蛋白紫杉醇+帕博利珠单抗或安慰剂(帕博利珠单抗/安慰剂维持最多35个周期),结果显示,与单独化疗相比,无论PD-L1的表达高低,联合免疫治疗的一线及维持治疗均有获益,显著改善OS及PFS(mOS:15.9个月 vs. 11个月;mPFS:6.4个月 vs. 4.8个月)。结局报告显示了免疫治疗改善了健康相关生存质量[23]。
2.4.2 PD-L1抑制剂
IMpower130研究[24]是一项针对晚期非鳞状NSCLC的多中心Ⅲ期临床试验,723例患者按照2∶1随机分配,维持治疗组患者接受阿替利珠单抗+白蛋白紫杉醇+卡铂诱导治疗4~6个周期,然后阿替利珠单抗维持治疗至失去临床获益,对照组患者接受化疗诱导后以最佳支持治疗或培美曲塞换药维持治疗至疾病进展,主要终点是野生型(即EGFRwt和ALKwt)意向治疗人群的PFS和OS。结果表明阿替利珠单抗组疗效显著,两组mOS分别为18.6个月和13.9个月(HR=0.79,P=0.033),mPFS为7.0个月和5.5个月(HR=0.64,P<0.000 1),不良反应主要为中性粒细胞减少症。另一项针对鳞状NSCLC患者的Ⅲ期随机临床试验IMpower131[25]结果发现,相比于单纯化疗,阿替利珠单抗联合白蛋白紫杉醇显著改善了NSCLC患者的PFS(P=0.000 1),OS差异无统计学意义。
Antonia等[26]开展的Ⅲ期临床试验(PACIFIC)入组了同步放化疗后未进展的晚期NSCLC患者,随机分配接受度伐利尤单抗或安慰剂维持治疗,结果发现,前者显著改善患者mPFS(16.8个月vs. 5.6个月,HR=0.52,P<0.001),并且ORR、疾病缓解维持时间、发生远处转移或死亡的时间均显著优于对照组。最常见的不良反应为腹泻、肺炎、皮疹及瘙痒。最新公布的数据显示[27],免疫维持治疗组mOS达到47.5个月,安慰剂组仅为29.1个月,两组的4年OS率分别为49.6%和36.3%。
2.5 联合治疗
2.5.1 化疗联合抗血管生成药物
在晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者中开展的AVAPERL研究[28]结果发现,贝伐珠单抗联合培美曲塞维持治疗降低52%的疾病进展风险,PFS显著延长(7.4个月 vs. 3.7个月,HR=0.48,P<0.001),且耐受性良好。Patel等[29]研究显示,相较于紫杉醇组,培美曲塞组PFS明显延长(6.0个月 vs. 5.6个月),但未改善OS,DCR分别为65.9%和69.8%,虽然不良反应可耐受,但联合维持治疗发生的血液系统毒性及疲劳明显增多。ECOG5508研究[30]则将接受4个周期紫杉醇+卡铂+贝伐珠单抗诱导化疗后未进展的874例晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者(57%)分为培美曲塞组、贝伐珠单抗组(对照组)和联合治疗组接受维持治疗,结果发现培美曲塞组的MST为15.9个月,贝伐珠单抗组为14.4个月(P=0.12),联合组为16.4个月(P=0.28),三组的mPFS分别为5.1、4.2(P=0.06)和7.5个月(P<0.001),3~4级不良反应发生率分别为37%、29%和51%。日本发表的COMPASS研究[31]将一线化疗后无疾病进展的晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者1∶1随机接受培美曲塞+贝伐珠单抗或仅贝伐珠单抗维持,结果主要研究终点OS未观察到统计学获益(23.3个月 vs. 19.6个月,P=0.069),而联合维持治疗组的PFS显著延长(5.7个月 vs. 4.0个月,HR=0.67,P<0.001)。
2.5.2 化疗联合靶向药物
NEJ009研究[32]将晚期EGFR突变的NSCLC患者随机分为吉非替尼或联合治疗组(吉非替尼+培美曲塞+卡铂诱导化疗后吉非替尼+培美曲塞维持),结果显示后者的PFS及OS均显著延长(mPFS:20.9个月 vs. 11.2个月,HR=0.49,P<0.001;MST:50.9个月 vs. 38.8个月,HR=0.722,P=0.021),ORR为84%和67%(P<0.001)。
2.5.3 抗血管生成药物联合靶向药物
ATLAS研究[33]是一项多中心、随机对照的Ⅲ期临床试验,旨在评估含贝伐珠单抗一线化疗4个周期后疾病无进展的晚期NSCLC患者,给予厄洛替尼维持治疗的潜在获益。该研究发现,与安慰剂组比较,贝伐珠单抗+厄洛替尼的联合维持治疗能显著改善PFS(4.8个月 vs. 3.7个月,P<0.001),但OS无获益,并且不良反应增加,亚组分析显示EGFR突变阳性使用联合维持治疗较野生型可以更好地改善PFS。
2.5.4 免疫联合化疗药物
KEYNOTE-189研究[34]入组了缺乏EGFR/ALK突变的晚期非鳞状NSCLC癌患者,随机(2∶1)分配接受培美曲塞+铂类+帕博利珠单抗/安慰剂治疗4个周期,然后培美曲塞+帕博利珠单抗/安慰剂维持治疗35个周期,结果发现联合免疫治疗组的OS及PFS较化疗组显著延长,MST分别为22.0个月和10.7个月(HR=0.56),mPFS为9.0个月和4.9个月(HR=0.48),无论PD-L1表达情况或是否存在肝脏/脑转移,均观察到免疫联合治疗的获益,并且不良反应可耐受,QoL评分[35]也有所改善。另一项Ⅲ期研究KEYNOTE-021研究[36]也验证了这一联合治疗的有效性及安全性,ORR(58% vs. 33%)及mPFS(24.5个月 vs. 9.9个月,HR=0.54)均有获益。而阿替利珠单抗联合培美曲塞维持治疗的IMpower132研究[37]显示出PFS的明显改善(7.6个月 vs. 5.2个月,P<0.000 1),OS的延长差异无统计学意义(P=0.15)。
PD-1抑制剂卡瑞利珠单抗、替雷利珠单抗在晚期非鳞状NSCLC中也表现出可喜的疗效。Zhou等[38]研究发现,卡瑞利珠单抗联合培美曲塞治疗的mPFS为11.3个月,显著优于含铂双药化疗组的8.3个月(HR=0.6,P=0.000 2),两组ORR分别为60.5%和39.1%,同时联合组显著延长患者生存达7.4个月(mOS:27.9个月 vs. 20.5个月,HR=0.73,P=0.011 7)。替雷利珠单抗的Ⅲ期临床试验[39]显示,联合免疫组对照单纯化疗显著改善了患者PFS,疾病进展风险降低36%(9.7个月 vs. 7.6个月,HR=0.645,P=0.004 4),ORR达到57%。
2.5.5 免疫联合抗血管生成药物
IMpower150研究[40]将1 202例患者随机(1∶1∶1)分配接受阿替利珠单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇(ACP组)、贝伐珠单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇(BCP组)或阿替利珠单抗+贝伐珠单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇(ABCP组)诱导治疗,阿替利珠单抗或贝伐珠单抗或两者联合维持治疗,主要终点为基因野生型意向治疗人群的PFS及OS。首先比较了ABCP和BCP两组,结果显示前者PFS显著延长 1.5个月(8.3个月 vs. 6.8个月,P<0.001),OS延长4.5个月(19.2个月 vs. 14.7个月,P=0.02),同时发现无论EGFR或ALK的基因状态及PD-L1表达情况,ABCP组的治疗均带来PFS获益。IMpower150的亚组分析显示[41],在EGFR阳性患者中,ABCP组的中位OS不能评估,BCP组为18.7个月(HR=0.61),ACP组为21.4个月(HR=0.93)。但不良反应发生率(57%~64%)远高于免疫治疗单药(约为10%)。
3. 结语
晚期NSCLC患者在疗效平台期接受维持治疗可以进一步改善预后,目前已经成为大多数患者的常规治疗手段。因此,选择适合患者的维持治疗方案显得尤为重要。虽然化疗、抗血管生成及靶向药物的单独维持治疗显示出较好的临床获益,但受限于患者的一般状况、诱导治疗反应、基因突变状态等问题,且仅表现为PFS改善。近年来备受关注的免疫治疗,无论肿瘤的组织学亚型或PD-L1表达情况,治疗反应均更为有效,不良反应亦可耐受,已日益成为重要的治疗选择。对于联合维持治疗,由于不良反应较大、价格昂贵,在制定方案时需要更加谨慎。各联合治疗方案因表现出不同的结果,如贝伐珠单抗联合培美曲塞或厄洛替尼局限于PFS的延长,而免疫治疗联合化疗或抗血管生成药物则疗效显著,因此临床上如何权衡利弊,选择既能改善生存时间,又能提高生存质量的高效低毒的个体化维持治疗方案,亟需更多的循证医学证据。
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