乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的治疗进展

杨鑫苗, 张永强

杨鑫苗, 张永强. 乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的治疗进展[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2019, 46(23): 1237-1240. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2019.23.390
引用本文: 杨鑫苗, 张永强. 乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的治疗进展[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2019, 46(23): 1237-1240. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2019.23.390
Yang Xinmiao, Zhang Yongqiang. Advances in the treatment of breast cancer with cutaneous metastasis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2019, 46(23): 1237-1240. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2019.23.390
Citation: Yang Xinmiao, Zhang Yongqiang. Advances in the treatment of breast cancer with cutaneous metastasis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2019, 46(23): 1237-1240. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2019.23.390

乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的治疗进展

详细信息
    作者简介:

    杨鑫苗  专业方向为实体肿瘤(主要为乳腺癌)的内科治疗。E-mail:woshiyxm2012@163.com

    通讯作者:

    张永强  zhyq95@163.com

Advances in the treatment of breast cancer with cutaneous metastasis

More Information
    Corresponding author:

    Zhang Yongqiang: Yongqiang Zhang; E-mail: zhyq95@163.com

  • 摘要: 恶性肿瘤的皮肤转移相对少见,乳腺癌是女性最常见合并皮肤转移的恶性肿瘤。大部分皮肤转移的乳腺癌均合并其他部位转移,也有少数患者以皮肤转移为首发或唯一表现。单发或少发局限于胸壁的结节型皮肤转移病灶,通过局部为主的综合治疗,部分患者有望获得长期生存或临床治愈;而广泛的皮肤转移以及合并内脏、骨转移的皮肤转移患者,临床上难以治愈,预后不佳,系统治疗联合局部治疗可以减轻肿瘤负荷、缓解痛苦、改善患者生存质量。本文将就乳腺癌合并皮肤转移基本特征及治疗进展进行综述。
    Abstract: Cutaneous metastasis from malignant tumors are relatively rare. Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor with cutaneous metastasis in women. Most breast cancers with skin metastases also show metastasis to other areas in the body, and few patients present with skin metastases as the first or only manifestation. Through local comprehensive treatment, some patients with a single metastasis or few nodular skin metastases confined to the chest wall are expected to achieve long-term survival or clinical cure. However, other patients with extensive skin metastasis or skin metastases accompanied by internal organ and/or bone metastasis are difficult to treat and thus, have a poor prognosis of survival. The combination of systematic and local treatment can reduce the metastatic potential of the tumor along with its burden, as well as relieve patients' pain and improve their overall survival. Thus, we focus on reviewing the basic characteristics of skin metastasis associated with breast cancer and the advancements in treatment reported in the recent literature.
  • 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,美国2018年全国癌症统计报告显示其引起的女性死亡率仅次于肺癌[1]。中国癌症统计数据[2]显示,乳腺癌引起的死亡率位于肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌之后,居第五位。实体恶性肿瘤常见的转移部位为淋巴结、肺、肝、骨、脑等部位,皮肤转移相对少见,占0.7%~ 6.4%[3-4]。因此,本文将对乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的基本特征及治疗进展进行综述。

    乳腺癌是女性患者中最易引起皮肤转移的肿瘤,据统计所有出现皮肤转移的实体肿瘤中乳腺癌约占70%[4],常见的皮肤转移途径有淋巴转移、血行转移、直接侵犯以及种植转移。发生转移的部位多在胸壁、腹壁、背部,少数如面部、头皮等。临床表现有结节型、盔甲型、炎症型、毛细血管扩张型,其中结节型转移最常见(约占80%),此外尚有部分罕见的表现类型如类似斑秃的皮肤转移[5]

    乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的确诊标准,是发现皮肤病灶为乳腺肿瘤来源。皮肤病灶取材简便,且可采用皮肤镜等无创检查方法[6],结合病变部位、特点、乳腺癌病史等,相对诊断容易。部分转移至皮肤的肿瘤细胞因发生雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、人类表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor- 2,HER-2)转化,可行ER、PR、HER-2等检测,以明确分子特点和分子分型,对改变后续治疗策略及对全身用药选择具有重要作用。皮肤转移性肿瘤,依据肿瘤转移的部位、范围、是否合并内脏转移、是否毗邻重要脏器等,所采取的临床治疗决策不同。

    针对单发或局限于胸壁的皮肤转移病灶,局部治疗可获得较好的预后。乳腺癌仅合并皮肤转移患者的疗效和预后受多种因素的影响,多数患者最终死于内脏转移。研究发现,乳腺癌从确诊至发生皮肤转移的中位间隔时间为36.0~47.2个月[7-8]。研究显示,乳腺癌发生皮肤转移后的中位生存时间为23.00~42.15个月[8],相较其他恶性实体肿瘤皮肤转移患者(中位生存时间6.04个月)生存期长,这与乳腺癌患者中仅发生皮肤转移者所占比例较高有关,而合并内脏转移患者的总生存期则明显减低。

    部分患者以皮肤转移为首发或唯一表现。单发或少发局限于胸壁的皮肤转移病灶,经局部或联合系统治疗,患者有望获得长期生存甚至临床治愈。目前,局部治疗主要为手术、放疗,此外电子化学疗法(electro chemo therapy,ECT)、光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)、肿块内直接注射抗肿瘤介质(intralesional therapy,ILT)以及皮肤病灶表面应用抗肿瘤介质(topical therapy,TT)等新技术正在临床逐步开展[9]

    手术可获得病理,降低潜在的皮肤破溃感染风险,对单发或局限性多发皮肤转移病灶还可起到根治的目的。目前,手术切除的时机、切缘大小尚无统一定论。肿瘤大小、生长速度、转移部位、局部复发风险、治疗目的不同,均对切除的范围有影响。参考皮肤原发肿瘤的切除范围,即对于低风险患者保留2~5 mm切缘、高风险患者保留5~15 mm切缘[10-11],可作为皮肤转移癌的切除范围。Mohs显微描记手术(Mohs micrographic surgery,MMS)通过术中不断检测切缘的肿瘤残余情况,将肿瘤切除干净的同时,尽可能减小创面,使手术切除的范围更加精准,在乳腺癌合并颜面部皮肤转移病灶的治疗中具有重要意义[12]

    放疗在肿瘤的局部治疗中应用较广,目前常用于乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的放疗方式为电子线照射,必要时可行靶区的固定野调强。螺旋断层放疗(helical tomotherapy,HT)对于病灶面积广、形状不规则、毗邻重要脏器等的皮肤转移病灶适应性好,且可将对周围器官及组织的损害降至最低,是当今最先进的肿瘤放疗技术。Lu等[13]研究发现,对乳腺癌合并胸、腹壁皮肤广泛转移患者使用调强适形放疗技术(image-guided intensitymodulated radiotherapy,IMRT),胸、腹壁皮肤转移病灶达到完全缓解(complete response,CR)。另有研究显示,乳腺癌的局部免疫效应与放疗敏感性呈正相关,局部免疫细胞越多放疗的疗效越好[14]。放疗的异位效应,是指局部放疗引起系统的免疫反应,可导致放射野外的皮肤转移病灶消退。研究显示,放疗的异位效应与放疗诱导的局部免疫激活、增强全身免疫效应相关,在免疫治疗的时代,放疗联合免疫治疗可增强放疗的异位效应,达到更佳效果[15]

    ECT利用电脉冲增加细胞膜的通透性,使化疗药物更易渗入细胞,常用药物有顺铂、博来霉素等。ECT可减少化疗药物暴露浓度、增强患者适应性,且疗效明显。Wichtowski等[16]在一项多中心回顾性分析中发现,入组38例乳腺癌合并皮肤转移患者中,71%患者经ECT治疗12周后有应答,CR为42%、部分缓解(partial response,PR)为29%,多变量分析显示肿瘤直径 < 2 cm、激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性是ECT治疗有效的阳性预测因素。Bourke等[7]在一项单中心10年的随访中发现,ECT对复发性、难治性乳腺癌皮肤转移病灶具有较好的疗效,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)可达79.7%,且病灶越小疗效越好。上述研究提示,ECT虽作为一种姑息性治疗方法,但均能提高乳腺癌皮肤转移病灶患者的局部控制和生存质量。

    新的方法在不断被探索,Tchou等[17]研究显示,对6例乳腺癌患者的皮肤转移病灶和浅表淋巴结转移灶注射mRNA转染的嵌合人抗原(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR) -T细胞,2天后切除转移病灶,病理显示注射部位的癌细胞广泛坏死,患者均无严重不良反应发生,局部注射CAR-T细胞可激活肿瘤组织的免疫活性,是治疗乳腺癌皮肤转移的新方法。咪喹莫特(imiquimod)是一种免疫反应调节剂,可通过刺激树突状细胞及巨噬细胞,增强局部免疫效应,咪喹莫特乳膏用于局部治疗乳腺癌皮肤转移,不仅可使病灶缩小,而且可减轻疼痛[18]

    皮肤转移多数情况下是全身转移的一部分,对于晚期乳腺癌(advanced breast cancer,ABC)患者是以全身性系统治疗为主,辅以局部治疗,以期改善患者的生存质量。目前,尚无针对实体肿瘤皮肤转移的规范诊疗流程,诊治多遵循ABC治疗策略,但需明确皮肤转移病灶的分子分型。对于晚期三阴性乳腺癌患者首选化疗,而合并内脏危象的其他分子分型乳腺癌患者使用化疗亦可快速缓解病情;HR阳性患者首选内分泌治疗,或联合CDK4/6抑制剂;对于HER-2阳性患者,可选择抗HER-2治疗,联合化疗或内分泌治疗。

    CALOR前瞻性研究入组162例乳腺癌患者,行手术切除孤立性局部区域的复发病灶后,观察HR阴性/阳性患者的化疗疗效[19]。该研究随访9年结果显示,切除孤立性转移病灶后再行化疗可提高HR阴性患者的总生存(overall survival,OS)率和无病生存(disease-free survival,DFS)期,而HR阳性患者解救化疗并未显示出明显的生存获益。提示针对HR阴性乳腺癌局部皮肤转移患者,手术联合化疗或许可改善生存。一项使用艾立布林(eribulin)临床试验显示,入组23例乳腺癌合并皮肤转移患者,43%患者获得PR,35%患者疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),进一步分析皮肤转移病灶发现,26%患者皮肤病灶获得CR,22%患者PR,39%患者SD,皮肤病灶与内脏病灶的疗效一致,且患者的临床症状有较大改善,提示艾立布林对乳腺癌皮肤转移有较好的疗效[20]

    目前,晚期HER-2阳性乳腺癌的一线治疗方案是双靶向治疗(trastuzumab+pertuzumab) +紫杉类药物。但在乳腺癌合并皮肤转移患者治疗中,抗HER-2治疗却显示出不同的疗效。Graziano等[21]研究显示,2例晚期HER-2阳性乳腺癌合并皮肤转移病灶进展的患者,行trastuzumab+pertuzumab治疗内脏转移获得PR,说明皮肤转移病灶与原发肿瘤具有相异处,这可能与皮肤系统的免疫效应相关。当trastuzumab治疗失效时,TDM-1作为二线治疗方案,在合并皮肤转移患者中亦有显著疗效[22]

    HR阳性乳腺癌侵袭性相对较弱,Hwang等[23]报道1例HR阳性、HER-2阴性乳腺癌患者25年后发生皮肤转移,对于未合并内脏危象的皮肤转移患者首选内分泌治疗,且内分泌治疗耐受性好,治疗如有效,临床缓解期相对较长。1例82岁乳腺癌合并皮肤转移患者,阿那曲唑治疗13个月后皮肤病灶达到CR,继续用药并随访至116个月时,病情维持缓解[24]

    乳腺癌通常被认为是一种低免疫活性的肿瘤,这与其所包含的肿瘤突变负荷(mutational burden)较低有关。研究发现,PD-L1高表达与乳腺癌的早发、更高级别、HR阴性、HER-2过表达、三阴性乳腺癌及基底样乳腺癌等亚型相关,表明不同分子分型在转移性乳腺癌中的免疫状态可能不同[25]。皮肤组织微环境中富含CD8+T细胞/Treg T细胞,在PD-1/PD-L1抗体发挥抗肿瘤疗效中起着重要作用。

    相比于其他实体肿瘤,乳腺癌更易发生皮肤转移。由于皮肤组织的位置特殊,目前针对乳腺癌合并皮肤转移的治疗可分为局部治疗、系统治疗、联合治疗。局部治疗作为一种姑息性治疗手段,在减轻肿瘤负荷、改善患者神经心理状态等方面具有重要作用,部分以皮肤转移为唯一表现的患者,甚至可达到临床治愈。系统治疗能够使皮肤病灶伴随内脏疾病的缓解而消减,但部分患者可出现内脏肿瘤缓解而皮肤病灶进展的情况。针对皮肤转移病灶的治疗,在预防皮肤转移发生同时,及时明确诊断皮肤病变由肿瘤转移所引起是亟待解决的问题。

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2019-10-12
  • 发布日期:  2019-12-14

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