-
摘要: 随着诊断性腹腔镜的普及、晚期胃癌转化治疗概念的兴起,以及腹腔化疗港、腹腔热灌注化疗等技术的应用,胃癌腹膜转移的诊断与治疗取得新的进展。然而,胃癌腹膜转移预后差,治疗依旧缺乏高级别证据,在实践过程中应注意规范化诊断与评效,在患者筛选、手术指征、术后化疗等重要问题上进行多学科讨论决策。药物治疗的进展仍是未来提高胃癌腹膜转移预后的关键。Abstract: With the prevalence of diagnostic laparoscopy, the concept of conversion therapy in unresectable gastric cancer, as well as the technical application of port implantation and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, new progress has been made in the area of gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis. However, the prognosis for peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer remains extremely poor, and surgical treatment still lacks high-level evidence. Surgeons should pay attention to standardized diagnosis and evaluation during medical practice, and should conduct multidisciplinary discussions on important issues, such as patient screening, surgical indications, and postoperative chemotherapy. The progress of drug therapy is still the key to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis in the future.
-
Keywords:
- gastric cancer /
- peritoneal metastasis /
- surgery /
- diagnosis /
- conversion therapy
-
腹膜转移在晚期胃癌中最常见,预后差,中位生存期一般不超过1年[1-2]。对于胃癌腹膜转移,各临床指南所推荐的治疗方式均为系统治疗[3-4]。然而,由于“血-腹膜”屏障的存在,系统治疗的效果并不理想[5]。近年来,随着诊断性腹腔镜的普及,晚期胃癌转化治疗概念的兴起,以及腹腔化疗港置入、腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)等技术的应用,越来越多的外科医师开始参与胃癌腹膜转移的诊断与治疗,不断出现成功治疗的案例[6-7]。然而,胃癌的药物治疗总体有效率仍较低,转化效能不足,加之极差的预后,外科医师在腹膜转移患者的诊断与治疗中应足够科学与规范,在患者筛选、手术指征以及术后化疗等几个重要问题上应开展多学科讨论并谨慎决策[8]。
1. 诊断
1.1 影像学诊断
在所有的无创检查中,CT被认为是诊断腹膜转移特异性较高的,但敏感度相对较低,仅为33%~ 51%,其原因一方面是CT自身的局限性,另一方面是对腹膜转移在CT上识别经验的缺乏[9-10]。采用CT观察时,除了网膜饼、腹膜不均匀增厚、腹盆腔积液等典型的征象外,应注意调节窗宽,并综合轴位、冠状位和矢状位完整观察[11]。本中心近年来随着MDT的开展与影像科阅片经验的提高,目前隐匿性腹膜转移(临床诊断阴性)的腹腔镜探查阳性率已经从起始阶段20%左右降到了15%以下。
影像组学的迅速发展为诊断提供了更多契机。本课题组收集了来自4个中心的554例病例,分为训练、内部验证与外部验证队列,利用组学方法提取形状、纹理、小波、强度等,发现了93个有预测价值的影像特征,大幅提高了腹膜转移诊断准确率,外部验证良好,有望今后加以推广[12]。
1.2 腹腔镜探查
影像学在腹膜转移的诊断中存在局限性,腹腔镜探查可直视腹腔情况,遵循合理的操作顺序,可从右上腹开始按照顺时针旋转完整探查各个区域,并最后探查原发灶。对可疑病灶应切取,行冰冻病理检查[13]。游离细胞学的检测应在探查原发灶之前,充分冲洗各区域后送检。对于胃癌腹膜转移的患者,应详细记录各区域腹膜癌指数(peritoneal carcinomatosis index,PCI),并留存好照片或录像以供治疗后作对比。
影像学诊断腹膜转移及疗效评价均存在困难。单纯的腹膜转移患者很少有靶病灶供评价,原发灶的变化无法替代腹膜转移病灶的情况。因此,腹腔镜对于评效也有着不可替代的作用。对于有转化手术可能的患者,需进行二次探查(second probing)以决定能否手术[14]。每次评效中,若通过腹腔化疗港送检细胞学,可使得探查时机与手术机会的判断更加准确[15]。
2. 治疗
2.1 腹腔化疗
腹腔化疗药物无需经过“血-腹膜”屏障,可以直接进入腹腔作用于病灶。大分子药物在腹腔内停留时间长,可与病灶充分作用,药物引起的不良反应理论上也相对较少[16-17]。PHOENIX-GC是首个胃癌腹腔化疗的Ⅲ期研究,将183例患者按照2:1的比例随机进行腹腔联合系统化疗或单纯系统治疗,中位生存期分别为17.7个月与14.3个月,差异无统计学意义(HR=0.72,95%CI:0.49~1.04;P=0.08)。进行敏感性分析并校正基线后,腹腔化疗组获益明显(HR=0.59,95%CI:0.39~0.87;P=0.008)[18]。但是,样本量较少可能是该研究在初步分析中结果阴性的原因之一[19]。加之亚组分析提示,中量腹水患者可能获益明显,所以本研究认为,腹腔化疗在胃癌腹膜转移治疗中具有前景。目前更多的腹腔化疗方案正在研究与实践中,包括腹腔紫杉醇联合S-1、SOX或XELOX方案,腹腔多西他赛联合静脉化疗等[20-22]。
腹腔化疗港的安全留置对于治疗的顺利进行至关重要,一旦出现并发症会导致治疗暂停或终止[16]。既往的研究中,腹腔化疗港相关并发症发生率在20%左右,主要依次为堵塞、严重疼痛、感染与返流等[23-24]。建立标准化流程、细致的操作与成熟的团队配合有助于降低并发症发生率,保证腹腔化疗顺利进行[23]。
2.2 减瘤手术+热灌注化疗
减瘤手术(cytoreductive surgery,CRS)联合HIPEC可以使一些经严格筛选的患者获益[25]。一般认为,PCI值较低的、对系统治疗反应较好的患者是潜在的获益者,而PCI值低于多少才适合手术,在不同的研究中不等,多数认为临界值在6~12之间[26-27]。近期发表的CYTO-CHIP研究,利用倾向评分分析比较了HIPEC在CRS中的作用,发现对于完全减瘤(CC-0,complete cytoreduction)及肿瘤残留少于2.5 mm(CC-1)的患者,减瘤手术后加用热灌注化疗可显著提高中位生存期(18.6个月vs. 11.4个月,P=0.002)。在亚组分析中,PCI评分在6以下的患者更容易从CRS+HIPEC治疗中获益[28]。GYMSSA研究中,CRS+HIPEC组的中位生存时间为11.3个月,单纯化疗组为4.3个月,但研究仅纳入17例患者,结论还有待进一步验证[29]。减瘤手术+热灌注化疗的模式可能会使转移瘤荷较小、药物治疗有效的患者获益,但尚缺乏高级别证据[30]。正在进行的随机对照研究PERISCOPEⅡ中,PCI评分7以下的患者先行化疗2~ 3个周期,在没有进展的情况下随机进行CRS+HIPEC或继续药物治疗[31]。AIO-FLOT5研究采取相似的思路评价化疗+CRS的模式在腹膜转移患者中的作用[32]。
3. 几个重要问题
3.1 患者筛选
并不是所有的胃癌腹膜转移患者均适合外科治疗。Yoshida等[33]将晚期胃癌分为四型,分别为1型(潜在可切除)、2型(边缘可切除)、3型(仅在特殊情况下可切除)和4型(无法切除)。腹膜转移的患者由于治疗难度大、治愈可能性低,被分在3型与4型,其中4型是除了腹膜转移以外还有其他转移因素的,通常不考虑外科治疗。李子禹等[34]所提出的分型,也将单一转移因素作为纳入外科治疗的先决条件。因此,腹膜转移作为单一Ⅳ期因素,应是患者转化筛选的首要条件。
此外,大量腹水的患者预后极差,肿瘤进展速度快,PHOENIX-GC研究将大量腹水作为排除条件,这部分患者通过治疗最终得到手术的机会将十分有限[18]。
3.2 手术指征
药物治疗有效被越来越多地认为是施行外科手术的重要前提[26]。AIO-FLOT5及PERISCOPEⅡ研究在设计时,均先进行药物治疗,并选择在有效的患者中进行手术[31-32]。Ishigami等[35]在PHOENIX-GC之前的腹腔治疗研究中,认为细胞学转为阴性且腹膜转移灶明显退缩是手术的前提,部分初始腹膜转移较重的患者治疗10个周期以上才能转为阴性。这对疗效评估的要求是非常高的,不仅要行CT检查,还需进行细胞学检测,选择合适的时机行腹腔镜探查。
3.3 术后治疗
腹膜转移患者即便成功进行了转化手术,根治性仍较低。在Ishigami等[35]进行的Ⅱ期研究中,100例患者中有64例接受了转化手术,中位生存期达30.5个月。这些患者术后持续进行腹腔化疗,依旧有多达58例患者(91%)出现复发进展,而这其中有66%的转移部位仍然为腹膜。这提示胃癌腹膜转移患者,通过手术获得真正意义上的根治是极为困难的,术后的持续治疗与密切随访尤为重要。
关于药物治疗在转移性胃癌的重要性,REGATTA研究的一个亚组分析值得关注:胃上部癌患者原发灶切除+化疗组的预后要差于单纯化疗组(HR=2.23,95%CI:1.14~4.37),进一步分析发现原发灶切除+化疗组的化疗完成率仅为单纯化疗组的一半[36]。手术会影响化疗的进行从而影响预后,应当严格筛选手术患者,药物治疗依旧是转移性胃癌的基础治疗手段。
4. 结语
手术可能在胃癌腹膜转移中发挥更多的作用,但腹膜转移作为Ⅳ期胃癌中预后最差的部分,改善预后主要依赖于药物治疗的进展。多学科协作下、选择性地针对部分胃癌腹膜转移患者采取转化治疗策略,是现阶段临床诊治及研究的主要方向。
-
[1] Koizumi W, Narahara H, Hara T, et al. S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial):a phase Ⅲtrial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2008, 9(3):215-221. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18282805/
[2] Ajani JA, Rodriguez W, Bodoky G, et al. Multicenter phase Ⅲ comparison of cisplatin/S-1 with cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma study:the FLAGS trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(9):1547-1553. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159816
[3] Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014(ver. 4)[J]. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(1):1-19. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=d2734fa789c88501ec4c3600d28d52ff
[4] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines Gastric Cancer Version 4. 2019[R/OL]. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/gastric.pdf
[5] Sugarbaker PH. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of gastrointestinal cancers with peritoneal metastases:Progress toward a new standard of care[J]. Cancer Treat Rev, 2016, 48:42-49. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=03048d0ed8b802e7aaed9f7179a5e901&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[6] 薛侃, 李子禹, 李双喜, 等.腹腔镜热灌注化疗联合腹腔及系统化疗转化治疗胃癌腹膜转移病人1例报告[J].中国实用外科杂志, 2017, 37(10):67-70. [7] 严超, 石红鹏, 刘瑩, 等.胃癌腹膜转移的新辅助腹腔内联合全身化疗:初步研究[J].外科理论与实践, 2017, 22(1):32-39. [8] 李子禹, 薛侃, 季加孚.晚期胃癌手术治疗价值及合理应用[J].中国实用外科杂志, 2017, 37(10):1073-1077. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgsyyy201921024 [9] Wang Z, Chen JQ. Imaging in assessing hepatic and peritoneal metastases of gastric cancer:a systematic review[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2011, 11:19. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/OAPaper/oai_doaj-articles_66ca12b691abe7f82871eaa0aa92f509
[10] Kim SJ, Kim HH, Kim YH, et al. Peritoneal metastasis:detection with 16-or 64-detector row CT in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer[J]. Radiology, 2009, 253(2):407-415. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=eefe8bdd28e8337eea86aa6f891f0403&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[11] 中国抗癌协会胃癌专业委员会.胃癌腹膜转移防治中国专家共识[J].中国普通外科学文献, 2017, 11(5):289-297. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zjyx201715001 [12] Dong, L Tang, ZY Li, et al. Development and validation of an individualized nomogram to identify occult peritoneal metastasis in patients with advanced gastric cancer[J]. Ann Oncol, 2019, 30(3):431-438. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=7131a5edbc6c8f979c4d32d2f3914600&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[13] Ziyu LI, Zhemin LI, SQ JIA, et al. Depth of tumor invasion and tumoroccupied portions of stomach are predictive factors of intra-abdominal metastasis[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2017, 29(2):109-117. http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5422412
[14] Masaki Nakamura, Toshiyasu Ojima, Mikihito Nakamori, et al. Conversion Surgery for Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastasis Based on the Diagnosis of Second-Look Staging Laparoscopy[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2019, 23(9):1758-1766. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=6ae3e992e197b9d3951fcd4daa8c357b&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[15] H Ishigami, J Kitayama, S Kaisaki, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of weekly intravenous and intraperitoneal paclitaxel combined with S-1 for advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis[J]. Ann Oncol, 2010, 21(1):67-70. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjgs/45/11/45_45.1137/_article/references
[16] 薛侃, 李子禹.浅析腹腔化疗港在胃癌腹膜转移治疗中的应用[J].国际外科学杂志, 2018, 45(4):217-220. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gwyx-wkxfc201804001 [17] Hasovits C, Clarke S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intraperitoneal cancer chemotherapeutics[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 2012, 51(4):203-224. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=57f01e4f0b48e1d7179129002b12b25c
[18] Ishigami H, Fujiwara Y, Fukushima R, et al. Phase Ⅲtrial comparing intraperitoneal and intravenous paclitaxel plus S-1 versus cisplatin plus s-1 in patients with gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis:PHOENIX-GC Trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(19):1922-1929. http://paper.medlive.cn/literature/3005850
[19] Li ZY, Xue K, Ying XJ, et al. PHOENIX-GC trial:underpowered for significant results[J]?J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(2):167. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=3d61fa42e08f271fef57b61fcd3ceb00&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[20] Fujiwara Y, Ishigami H, Miwa H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of intraperitoneal paclitaxel plus S-1/oxaliplatin for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis:SOX+IP PTX trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(Suppl 15):4040. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327492129_Phase_II_study_of_intraperitoneal_paclitaxel_plus_S-1oxaliplatin_for_gastric_cancer_with_peritoneal_metastasis_SOXIP_PTX_trial
[21] Dexter Yak Seng Chan, Nicholas Li-Xun Syn, Rachel Yap, et al. Conversion surgery post-intraperitoneal paclitaxel and systemic chemotherapy for gastric cancer carcinomatosis peritonei. Are we ready[J]?J Gastrointest Surg, 2017, 21(3):425-433. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=edd13838ac669fe47c372a1634a922df&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[22] Fujiwara Y, Takiguchi S, Nakajima K, et al. Intraperitoneal docetaxel combined with S-1 for advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2012, 105(1):38-42. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ea57dd8a64b2f7353efab2f5cfffb57e
[23] 薛侃, 李子禹, 闫国军, 等.腹腔化疗港在胃癌腹膜转移中应用的安全性分析[J].中国肿瘤临床, 2019, 46(1):34-38. http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_zgzllc/CN/abstract/abstract14067.shtml [24] Emoto S, Ishigami H, Hidemura A, et al. Complications and management of an implanted intraperitoneal access port system for intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis[J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2012, 42(11):1013-1019. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=1610ac074d926c27790461fee7d81212&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[25] Li Y, Zhou YF, Liang H, et al. Chinese expert consensus on cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal malignancies[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(30):6906-6916. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=f6a2362edfad8c95518f231029e8719c&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[26] Yonemura Y, Canbay E, Li Y, et al. A comprehensive treatment for peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer with curative intent[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2016, 42(8):1123-1131. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=7a8de6d12d26024cf5857f10e75288cd
[27] Coccolini F, Catena F, Glehen O, et al. Complete versus incomplete cytoreduction in peritoneal carcinosis from gastric cancer, with consideration to PCI cut-off. Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2015, 41(7):911-919. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=f06cc9c519b6d9c148473021f53e31a8
[28] Bonnot PE, Piessen G, Kepenekian V, et al. Cytoreductive Surgery With or Without Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer With Peritoneal Metastases (CYTO-CHIP study):A Propensity Score Analysis[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(23):2028-2040. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=7f5d435389358fefd035b2a7c5a6883c&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[29] Rudloff U, Langan RC, Mullinax JE, et al. Impact of maximal cytoreductive surgery plus regional heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) on outcome of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin:results of the GYMSSA trial[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 110(3):275-284. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=8933d5484a485387e2b2a4c68440acbd&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[30] Ji ZH, Peng KW, Yu Y, et al. Current status and future prospects of clinical trials on CRS+HIPEC for gastric cancer peritoneal metastases[J]. Int J Hyperthermia, 2017, 33(5):562-570. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1080/02656736.2017.1283065
[31] Koemans WJ, Kaaij van der RT, Boot H, et al. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus palliative systemic chemotherapy in stomach cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination, the study protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled trial (PERISCOPE Ⅱ)[J]. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19(1):420. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5640-2
[32] Al-Batran SE, Goetze TO, Mueller DW, et al. The RENAISSANCE (AIOFLOT5) trial:effect of chemotherapy alone vs. chemotherapy followed by surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with limited-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction-a phase Ⅲ trial of the German AIO/CAO-V/CAOGI[J]. BMC Cancer, 2017, 17(1):893.
[33] Yoshida K, Yamaguchi K, Okumura N, et al. Is conversion therapy possible in stage Ⅳ gastric cancer:the proposal of new biological categories of classification[J]. Gastric Cancer, 2016, 19(2):329-338. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824831/
[34] 李子禹, 薛侃, 季加孚.晚期胃癌转化治疗中基于手术的分型[J].中华胃肠外科杂志, 2017, 20(7):721-725. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgwcwkzz201707001 [35] Ishigami H, Yamaguchi H, Yamashita H, et al. Surgery after intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis or positive peritoneal cytology findings[J]. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(Suppl 1):128-134. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/wjg200546027
[36] Fujitani K, Yang HK, Mizusawa J, et al. Gastrectomy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor (REGATTA):a phase 3, randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(3):309-318. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=c9c15318422346a63acccd0d83f2fddd&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
-
期刊类型引用(8)
1. 童慧,邢鹏. 替雷利珠单抗联合XELOX方案治疗晚期胃癌的临床研究. 现代药物与临床. 2024(03): 700-704 . 百度学术
2. 李沈,薛侃,戴红梅,王胤奎,陕飞,李子禹,季加孚. 腹腔镜热灌注化疗联合腹腔及系统化疗模式治疗胃癌腹膜转移的疗效. 中华胃肠外科杂志. 2023(05): 442-447 . 百度学术
3. 徐岩,王振宁. 胃癌腹膜转移的临床治疗进展与未来展望. 中华胃肠外科杂志. 2023(05): 414-418 . 百度学术
4. 谢海伟,朱斌,陶平. 不同剂量洛铂在胃癌术中腹腔化疗的临床分析. 临床肿瘤学杂志. 2023(05): 432-436 . 百度学术
5. 中国抗癌协会胃癌专业委员会. 胃癌腹膜转移诊治中国专家共识(2023版). 中华胃肠外科杂志. 2023(08): 717-728 . 百度学术
6. 赵宏升,潘吉勇,闫瑞锋,闫龙超,陈郑达,宋小海,王梅. 临床特征对胃癌患者发生胃周软组织转移及其生存期的影响. 中国当代医药. 2022(02): 20-23 . 百度学术
7. 施志杰. 多西他赛腹腔灌注加静脉化疗联合阿帕替尼治疗胃癌腹膜转移患者效果分析. 山西医药杂志. 2021(11): 1840-1842 . 百度学术
8. 刘宏根,杨佩颖. 胃癌寡转移局部治疗研究进展. 癌症进展. 2021(19): 1945-1949 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(0)
计量
- 文章访问数: 181
- HTML全文浏览量: 17
- PDF下载量: 19
- 被引次数: 8